Sabtu, 18 Februari 2012

GOOD GOVERNANCE

1. Pentingnya Good Governance 
Rangkuman 
Dalam kegiatan belajar satu ini diuraikan mengenai latar belakang munculnya good governance, antara lain terdiri dari penguatan ideologi liberal yang ditandai dengan runtuhnya Uni Soviet yang berpaham komunis dan mengakibatkan Amerika yang berpaham Liberal tidak memiliki lawan yang sebanding. Hal ini menyebabkan tersebarnya ideologi liberal yang memperkenalkan lima pandangan, yaitu HAM, Demokrasi, Pasar Bebas, Supremasi Hukum, Kepedulian terhadap Lingkungan.
Sejalan dengan meluasnya ideologi liberal tersebut, terjadi globalisasi di bidang ekonomi, dengan diberlakukannya pasar bebas, di mana masyarakat banyak ikut terlibat dalam perdagangan yang global tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan pemerintah bukan sebagai pelaku dominan dalam penyelenggaraan perdagangan dan masalah-masalah publik lainnya.
Demikian juga dengan munculnya kekuatan masyarakat sipil atau civil society juga menjadi pendorong terwujudnya good governance. Masyarakat ini merupakan masyarakat yang mandiri, yang tidak tergantung dari pemerintah bahkan mempunyai kedudukan yang sejajar dengan pemerintah sehingga posisi tawar kuat.
Good governance adalah merupakan proses penyelenggaraan kekuasaan negara dalam melaksanakan penyediaan public good and service. Disebut governance (pemerintah atau keperintahan), sedangkan praktik terbaiknya disebut "good governance" (kepemerintahan yang baik). Dalam penyelenggaraan Good governance ada tiga domain yang berperan yaitu pemerintah, sektor swasta dan masyarakat. Masing-masing domain mempunyai posisi yang sejajar dalam penyelenggaraan kepemerintahan.
Karakteristik good governance terdiri dari: partisipasi, transparansi, taat hukum, transparansi, responsif, berorientasi kesepakatan, efektif dan efisien, kesetaraan, akuntabilitas dan visi strategis. Karakteristik ini harus dipenuhi untuk mewujudkan good governance.
Untuk melaksanakan good governance harus memenuhi persyaratan tertentu antara lain: Tipe kepemimpinan yang baru, kekuatan civil society, kemampuan teknis dan manajemen, ruang partisipasi, moral dan budaya.
2. Akuntabilitas Dalam Good Governance 
Rangkuman
 
Akuntabilitas menunjuk pada institusi tentang check and balance dalam sistem administrasi. Akuntabilitas berarti menyelenggarakan penghitungan terhadap sumber daya atau kewenangan yang digunakan. Dengan demikian, akuntabilitas merupakan kewajiban untuk memberikan pertanggungjawaban atau menjawab menerangkan kinerja atas tindakan seseorang/badan hukum/pimpinan suatu organisasi kepada pihak yang memiliki hak atau kewenangan untuk meminta keterangan atau pertanggungjawaban.
Akuntabilitas memiliki tipe, antara lain Akuntabilitas Tradisional, Akuntabilitas Fiskal (keuangan), Akuntabilitas Manajerial, Akuntabilitas Legal, Akuntabilitas Program, Akuntabilitas Outcomes, Akuntabilitas Manfaat, Akuntabilitas Proses, Akuntabilitas Profesional, Akuntabilitas Politik, Akuntabilitas Moral.
Dalam pelaksanaan akuntabilitas terdapat prinsip-prinsip, antara lain komitmen pimpinan, sistem yang menjamin penggunaan sumber daya secara konsisten, tingkat pencapaian tujuan, dan sasaran yang ditetapkan secara konsekuen, berorientasi pada pencapaian visi dan misi, jujur, objektif, transparan, dan inovatif sebagai katalisator perubahan manajemen instansi pemerintah.
Hambatan-hambatan dalam pelaksanaan akuntabilitas meliputi Low literacy percentage, Poor standard of living, General decline in the moral value, A policy of live and let live, Cultural factors, Government monopoly, Deficiencies in the accounting system, Lack of will in enforcing accountability, Bureaucratic secrecy, Conflict in perspective and inadequate institusional linkage, Quality of officers, Technological obsolesce and inadequate surveillance system, Colonial heritage, Defect in the concerning accountability, Crisis environment
Daftar Pustaka
  • Bintoro Tjokroamidjojo. (2001). Good Governance, Paradigma Baru Manajemen Pembangunan. Cet. ke-2. Jakarta: Lembaga Administrasi Negara.
  • Hetifah Sj Sumarto. (2003). Inovasi, Partisipasi dan Good Governance, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
  • Joko Widodo. (2001). Good Governance, Akuntabilitas dan Kontrol Birokrasi, Surabaya: Insan Cendekia.
  • Miftah Thoha. Birokrasi dan Politik. (2003). Cet. ke-2. Jakarta: PT Raja Grafindo Perkasa.
  • Mustopadidjaja AR, dkk. (1999). Administrasi Negara Demokrasi dan Masyarakat Madani. Jakarta: Lembaga Administrasi Negara.
  • Pierre, Jon & B. Guy Peters. (2000). Governance, Politic and State. England: Macmillan Press Ltd.
  • Sedarmayanti. (2003). Good Governance, kepemerintahan yang baik dalam rangka Otonomi Daerah. Bandung: Mandar Maju.
  • Teguh Yuwono & Warsito. (2001). (Ed). Manajemen Otonomi Daerah, Semarang: CLoGapps Diponegoro University.
  • Warsito & Teguh Yuwono. (2003). Otonomi Daerah, Capacity Building dan Penguatan Demokrasi Lokal. Semarang: Puskodak UNDIP.
  • Lembaga Administrasi Negara dan Badan Pengawas Keuangan dan Pembangunan. (2000). Modul Akuntabilitas dan Good

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